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International Journal of Bioprinting Effect of ionic crosslinking on composite membranes

Even most of ALG molecules could be associated with of 5 – 12 wt%. The following main losses observed in the
SFDDS molecule, as shown in Figure 8D and E. A high temperature ranges of 200 – 300°C, 300 – 400°C, and 400 –
ratio of introducing amounts of SFDDS and ALG such as 500°C in the TGA and DTG results contributed to the
80/20 (PCM3T5) would provide a relatively complicated combustion of the cross-linked alginate-based composite
microenvironment in the existence of CaCl , which could bioscaffolds for ALG segment, SFDDS segment, and
2
introduce a complicated microstructure (microstructure III) associated microstructure. The corresponding T dmax in
within the cross-linked composite bioscaffolds (Figure 7). different temperature ranges was observed at 280°C, 350°C,
TGA analysis of the composite bioscaffolds was and 420°C. The cross-linked alginate-based composite
performed. Main losses were observed in several bioscaffolds showed a good thermal stability compared
temperature ranges such as 200 – 300°C, 300 – 400°C, with the porous alginate materials. The morphology and
and 400 – 500°C. The weight loss of TGA curve in thermal stability with various ionic crosslinking time were
temperature range of 50 – 200°C was due to the chemical studied, and the composite bioscaffolds were sampled every
and physisorbed water, which exhibited the weight loss 2 min. After 10 min, the additional changes of morphology
and thermal stability were not observed (230 – 240°C).
A 3.4 Mechanical features of resulting cross-linked
alginate-based composite bioscaffolds using
extrusion-based bioprinting and freeze-drying
procedures
The mechanical properties of the cross-linked alginate-
based composite bioscaffolds, such as ADDS0T5,
B ADDS1T5, ADDS2T5, and ADDS3T5, using extrusion-
based bioprinting and freeze-drying procedures were
measured by tensile tests. Figure 10 shows the tensile
strength and elongation at break. The cross-linked alginate-
based composite bioscaffolds containing SFDDS (such as
ADDS3T5) showed relatively better mechanical properties
than the cross-linked alginate-based composite bioscaffolds
C without SFDDS (such as ADDS0T5). The introduction of
decellularized SFDDS into the composite bioscaffolds
enhanced mechanical properties. The tensile strengths of
the cross-linked composite bioscaffolds were determined to
be 6.3 mPa, 8.1 mPa, and 9.2 mPa for ADDS1T5, ADDS2T5,
and ADDS3T5, respectively, which were relative higher
than the value of 3.9 mPa for the composite bioscaffolds
D
without SFDDS such as ADDS0T5, as shown in Figure 10.

E

Figure 9. Thermogravimetric analysis of the alginate-based composite Figure 10. Tensile strength and elongation at break of alginate-based
bioscaffolds: (A) SFDDS, (B) ALG, (C) ADDS1T5, (D) ADDS2T5, and composite bioscaffolds: (A) ADDS0T5, (B) ADDS1T5, (C) ADDS2T5,
(E) ADDS3T5. and (D) ADDS3T5 (n = 3).

Volume 9 Issue 1 (2023) 43 http://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.v9i1.625