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International Journal of Bioprinting DLP-printed scaffold for bone regeneration

Figure 7. Micro-CT analysis of new bone formation at week 4 (4W) and week 8 (8W). (A) Images of the scaffold and its implantation into the defect site
of femoral condyle. (B) Micro-CT images at week 4 and week 8 with the reconstructed images of femur defects at week 8. (C) The micro-architectural
parameters of newly formed bone. (BMD, bone mineral density; BV/TV, bone tissue volume/total tissue volume; Tb.Th, trabecular thickness; Tb.Sp,
trabecular separation). Data were analyzed via one-way ANOVA and are shown as mean ± standard deviation (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, n = 3).

With different compositions and structures, the bone- activates vascular regeneration [23,24,26] . Although growth
substitute materials are endowed with diverse biological factors are effective in inducing ECO, the problems such as
activities during different phases of bone regeneration high cost, low activity, and potential side effects of growth
under various environments [30,36,45-49] . factors remain unresolved. Some drugs, such as DFO, have
likewise been used to promote the expression of HIF-1α.
IMO and ECO are two forms of bone regeneration [3-6] , Zhang et al. reported that a biomimetically hierarchical
in which ECO has been shown to be a natural way of bone scaffold composed of deferoxamine@poly(ε-caprolactone)
formation in embryonic period and one of the ways by which nanoparticles (DFO@PCL NPs), manganese carbonyl
bone regenerates during fracture healing [12-14] . The ECO (MnCO) nanosheets, gelatin methacryloyl hydrogel,
approach to bone regeneration is currently attracting more and a polylactide/hydroxyapatite matrix was fabricated
and more attention from researchers. Several studies have to augment bone repair by facilitating the angiogenesis
shown that certain growth factors can induce ECO, such as and bone metabolism. However, the explosive release
HIF-1α, which regulates the behavior of chondrocytes and of exogenous drugs poses a significant biosafety risk .
[30]

Volume 9 Issue 5 (2023) 122 https://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.754