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International Journal of Bioprinting A sturgeon cartilage extracellular matrix-derived bioactive bioink

(ECM), which is replaced with bioink materials in 3D chondrocytic phenotype of chondrocytes . Furthermore,
[19]
bioprinting, and living cells. And 3D bioprinting has dSC-ECM scaffolds suppress chondrocyte hypertrophy,
been achieved with three typical processes, which include which initiates the dedifferentiation of chondrocytes, and
designing the models using computer modeling software, facilitates cartilage regeneration . It has been suggested
[20]
slicing the models into smaller pieces, and layer-by-layer that human and sturgeon collagen proteins share a high
printing the models [3,4] . Hence, functional tissues may degree of homology, and it has been confirmed by ultra-
be fabricated by precisely assembling bioinks carrying performance liquid chromatography analysis. Hence, it
different living cells in a layer-by-layer manner via an seems possible that a dSC-ECM-derived bioink may be
appropriate 3D bioprinting machine . Supported by appropriate for the cartilage tissue engineering applications
[5]
recent advances in 3D bioprinting technology, the usage according to its composition and bioactivity.
of cell-encapsulated biomaterials has been confirmed by In this study, we fabricated three dSC-ECM-derived
researchers as a new approach for cell-based therapeutics bioinks and tested their application in cartilage tissue
and tissue engineering . However, ECM-derived bioinks engineering (Figure 1). Those dSC-ECM-derived bioactive
[6]
have rarely been reported, and different types of ECM- bioinks were based on methacrylate-modified dSC-ECM
derived bioinks are essential for 3D bioprinting according (dSC-ECMMA) and sericin methacrylate (SerMA),
to various types of cells and their ECM contained in an which enhanced the mechanical properties of products
organ. Bioinks play a key role in 3D bioprinting procedure printed via the 3D bioprinting system. Additionally,
and its outcome, many of which are capable to solidify and a projection-based 3D bioprinter was used to verify
to form a hydrogel structure . Currently, ECM-derived whether a selected dSC-ECM-derived bioactive bioink is
[7]
bioinks are insufficient for 3D bioprinting requirements, suitable for 3D bioprinting. Furthermore, printed products
and that limits the development of 3D bioprinting encapsulated rabbit chondrocytes were implanted into
applications for tissue printing and tissue and organ nude mice to test whether it is able to promote cartilage
engineering [8-10] . tissue regeneration and maturation.

We noticed that the cartilage tissue is consisted of ECM
and chondrocytes, and it seems that a proper cartilage 2. Materials and methods
ECM-derived bioink and viable chondrocytes are suitable
to print hydrogel products for cartilage defects repair and 2.1. Decellularization of sturgeon
cartilage tissue engineering applications via 3D bioprinting. cartilage-derived ECM
Since it is difficult to restore cartilage injury naturally by Decellularized sturgeon cartilage ECM was prepared as the
[20]
the regeneration ability of patients, implants generated by protocol described previously . In brief, we purchased
cartilage tissue engineering or possibly by 3D bioprinting fresh sturgeons in local markets. Sturgeon cartilage from
is a feasible approach to resolve severe cartilage defects . the fish head was taken out and washed with ddH O.
[11]
2
Due to their capacity for chondrocyte induction and The cleaned cartilages were treated for 30 min with 0.1%
similarity to natural cartilage tissue, scaffolds derived (v/v) peroxyacetic acid in ddH O to kill bacteria and
2
from decellularized ECM of native tissues, particularly then were washed three times in ddH O. Then collected
2
cartilage, have been confirmed the advantages for cartilage cartilages were cleaned and sliced into small pieces, and
regeneration [12,13] . ACM (Ac-matrix)-derived hydrogels these cartilages were frozen in liquid nitrogen for 10 min.
modified with acrylic anhydride were applied for the They were defrosted at room temperature. The freeze-thaw
regeneration of tracheal cartilage and repair of tracheal procedure was performed five times in order to damage the
circumference . It is reasonable that decellularized chondrocytes that were already present in these cartilage
[14]
cartilage ECM-derived bioinks may facilitate the sections. After 4 h at room temperature, these pieces were
application in cartilage defects repair and cartilage tissue treated with 1% sodium lauryl sulfonate (SDS) (Sigma-
engineering. Aldrich, Poole, UK) solution to change the permeability of
Cartilage ECM-based scaffolds, which are prepared cell membrane so that inclusions can permeate selectively
with cartilage of warm-blooded animals, including and remove cell membrane. Then were washed for three
bovine, porcine, and caprine, have been proven that they times with ddH O.
2
promote cartilage tissue regeneration [15-18] . However, The cartilage fragments underwent further treatment
considering the potential pathogen of those animals that with 50 U/mL deoxyribonuclease I and 1 U/mL
may infect humans, we have fabricated scaffold using ribonuclease A (Sangon Biotech) for 12 h at 37°C and then
decellularized cartilage ECM of sturgeon, a cold-blooded washed with ddH O for 10times. For histological analysis,
2
animal. It has been revealed that decellularized sturgeon native and decellularized cartilage tissues were preserved
cartilage ECM (dSC-ECM) is capable of maintaining the with 10% neutral buffered formalin (NBF) for 48h at room

Volume 9 Issue 5 (2023) 388 https://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.768