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International Journal of Bioprinting 3D printing of PCL-ceramic composite scaffolds

4. Conclusion conceptualization of the manuscript.

3D-printed composite scaffolds of poly(ε-caprolactone)/ Investigation: Santosh Kumar Parupelli, Sheikh Saudi
calcium magnesium phosphate (PMC scaffolds) using a conducted the investigation of the 3D Printed
direct-write technique for bone tissue regeneration application ceramic-PCL scaffold.
were investigated. Four groups of scaffolds – PMC-0, PMC-5, Methodology: Santosh Kumar Parupelli, and Sheikh Saudi
PMC-10, and PMC-15 – were fabricated. The pore size of the contributed to the methodology of the research
polymer and composite scaffolds ranged between 200 and manuscript.
235 μm. The polymer (PMC-0) scaffolds had a smoother
surface compared to the composite scaffolds (PMC-5, Resources: Narayan Bhattarai and Salil Desai provided the
PMC-10, and PMC-15). The roughness of the composite necessary resources for conducting the 3D printing of
scaffold surface was due to the homogeneous dispersion of ceramic-PCL scaffold research work.
ceramic microparticles in the PCL matrix, which altered Writing – original draft: Santosh Kumar Parupelli, and
the morphology of the PCL matrix. The rheological Sheikh Saudi contributed to the writing of the original
characteristics of the composite scaffold revealed an initial draft of the research manuscript.
Newtonian behavior but changed to a shear-thinning fluid Writing – review & editing: Santosh Kumar Parupelli,
at higher shear rates. Higher PCL-CMP blends had higher Narayan Bhattarai, and Salil Desai contributed to the
shear stress values consistent with the addition of ceramic manuscript’s review and final editing.
content. The hydrophilicity of the composite scaffold
improved with the incorporation of CMPs, with lower Ethics approval and consent to participate
contact angles attained at higher concentrations. This can
aid in the rapid proliferation and enhance the adsorption Not applicable.
of biochemical cues for tissue regeneration. Live and death Consent for publication
assay studies of cells indicated biocompatibility of all scaffold
structures with more than 100% live cells at day 3. The cell Not applicable.
viability of composite scaffolds was enhanced with increased
ceramic content. The LDH release results illustrated that both Availability of data
scaffolds enhanced cell growth, mimicking the natural ECM The data presented in this study are available on request
for cell attachment and proliferation. This research lays the from the corresponding author.
foundation for the bioprinting of customized composite 3D
scaffold structures using custom-synthesized bioceramics for References
regenerative tissue engineering. 1. Hasan A, 2017, Tissue Engineering for Artificial Organs:
Acknowledgments Regenerative Medicine, Smart Diagnostics and Personalized
Medicine. United States: John Wiley and Sons.
None. 2. Van Blitterswijk C, de Boer J, Thomsen P, et al., 2008, Tissue
Engineering. Netherlands: Elsevier.
Funding
3. Williams DF, 2009, On the nature of biomaterials.
The authors would like to express their gratitude for funding Biomaterials, 30: 5897–5909.
support from the National Science Foundation Grant (NSF https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.07.027
CMMI Award #1663128, #2100739, #2100850) and the
Center of Excellence in Product Design and Advanced 4. Williams DF, 2014, The biomaterials conundrum in tissue
Manufacturing at North Carolina A&T State University. engineering. Tissue Eng Part A, 20: 1129–1131.
https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0769
Conflict of interest
5. Lee EJ, Kasper FK, Mikos AG, 2014, Biomaterials for tissue
The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders engineering. Ann Biomed Eng, 42: 323–337.
had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439–013–0859–6
analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the
manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results. 6. Dhandayuthapani B, Yoshida Y, Maekawa T, et al., 2011,
Polymeric scaffolds in tissue engineering application:
Author contributions A review. Int J Polym Sci, 2011: 290602.

Conceptualization: Santosh Kumar Parupelli, Narayan https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/290602
Bhattarai, and Salil Desai contributed to the 7. Desai S, Bidanda B, Bártolo PJ, 2021, Emerging trends in

Volume 9 Issue 6 (2023) 548 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijb.0196