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International Journal of Bioprinting                               Nozzle geometry for enhanced cell viability














































































            Figure 5.  Comparison between experimental data and model predictions for the fraction of damaged cells (D ) as a function of the converging
                                                                                     t
            section angle (θ). Each subplot corresponds to different nozzle geometries with a fixed inlet diameter (d  = 3 mm): (A) d  = 0.5 mm, LL =
                                                                                     1
                                                                                                 2
            5 mm; (B) d  = 0.5 mm, LL = 10 mm; (C) d  = 0.75 mm, LL = 5 mm; (D) d  = 0.75 mm, LL = 10 mm; (E) d  = 1.0 mm, LL = 5 mm; (F)
                                                                 2
                                           2
                                                                                         2
                    2
            d  = 1.0 mm, LL = 10 mm.
             2
            Volume 11 Issue 4 (2025)                       322                            doi: 10.36922/IJB025190182
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