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Innovative Medicines & Omics Antioxidant nanomedicines for therapies

Table 8. Summary of representative antioxidant nanomedicines for the treatment of intestinal diseases
Antioxidant nanomedicine Reaction type Disease References
Diselenide-bridged hyaluronic acid nanoparticle Non-catalytic Ulcerative colitis 399
Zero-valent-molybdenum nanodot Non-catalytic Ulcerative colitis 400
Melanin nanoparticle Non-catalytic Ulcerative colitis 401
Quercetin-based nanoparticle Non-catalytic Ulcerative colitis 402
CeO nanoparticles on montmorillonite Catalytic Ulcerative colitis 403
2
Pt nanoparticle in a Mn porphyrin-based MOF Catalytic Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease 404
Ruthenium-based MOF Catalytic Ulcerative colitis 405
LiMn O nanocatalyst Catalytic Ulcerative colitis 406
2 4
Hyaluronic acid-poly (propylene sulfide) nanoparticle on EcN Non-catalytic Ulcerative colitis 409
H-silicene nanosheet on EcN Non-catalytic Ulcerative colitis 410
Single-atom Fe-based nanocatalyst on Bifidobacterium longum Catalytic Ulcerative colitis 411
Abbreviation: MOF: Metal-organic framework

deliver therapeutics to pathological regions. It has been
413
demonstrated that nanoparticles can permeate stratum
corneum through intracellular, intercellular, and follicular
pathways (Figure 30). Intracellular pathway seems
414
to be the most direct route, but nanoparticles must be
amphiphilic to permeate both lipophilic (cell membrane)
and lipophobic (cytoplasm) structures of skin cells.
415
Intercellular is the most common route for nanoparticles
to permeate stratum corneum, and nanoparticles with
good flexibility (especially organic nanoparticles) are
favorable for diffusion between cells. For “hard”
416
inorganic nanoparticles, the follicular pathway is the
most proposed route. As the pathologies of various skin
414
diseases are associated with oxidative stress, antioxidative Figure 30. Three pathways of nanomedicines permeating stratum
nanomedicines are also developed to treat these diseases. corneum. Reproduced with permission from Tiwari et al. Copyright
414
© 2021, Wiley-VCH.
11.1. Psoriasis treatment
Psoriasis is a refractory autoinflammatory skin disease with The nanoparticle with intrinsic antioxidative activity can
characteristics of epidermis hyperplasia and erythematous downregulate ROS level in keratinocytes, suppressing
lesions with silvery scales, which results from abnormal inflammatory mediator secretion, and finally alleviating
keratinocyte hyperproliferation and inflammation cell the symptoms. Jiang et al. also constructed bilirubin-based
infiltration. Although the etiology of psoriasis has not nanoparticles integrated with inhibitors of metabolic
417
been fully explored, it has been demonstrated that oxidative kinase mTOR (involved in the proinflammatory mediator
stress plays a critical role in the development of psoriasis. secretion by keratinocytes). 423,424 The nanomedicines show
418
The overexpressed ROS activate epidermal keratinocytes enhanced permeation and prolonged retention in psoriatic
to secrete inflammatory mediators and initiate a pro- lesions, capable of reversing the symptoms of psoriasis.
inflammatory cascade, which further results in aberrant Due to the recurrence nature of psoriasis, further efforts
proliferation of keratinocytes. Corticosteroids and are suggested to inhibit the relapse of psoriasis using
419
various immunosuppressants have been used for psoriasis multifunctional nanomedicines.
treatment, but all of them present distinct side effects.
420
Scavenging excessive ROS is expected to inhibit keratinocyte 11.2. Atopic dermatitis treatment
hyperactivation and block the pathogenic feed-forward Atopic dermatitis is also a chronic inflammatory skin disease
loop, providing a new approach for psoriasis treatment. 421 with erythema formation. However, different from
425
Keum et al. prepared PEGylated bilirubin nanoparticles psoriasis, atopic dermatitis is triggered by environmental
and used them for topical treatment of psoriatic lesions. allergens, leading to distinct itching, while silvery scales are
422
Volume 1 Issue 1 (2024) 36 doi: 10.36922/imo.2527