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Innovative Medicines & Omics Fermentation in dermatology

is found in keratin and naturally occurring moisturizing and Tyr required for melanin production depends on sun
agents. Its ability to interact actively with water molecules exposure and skin type. The type and amount of melanin
suggests that it could improve the skin’s ability to retain determine an individual’s tanning response and overall
moisture when effectively delivered into the skin’s SC. 54 skin health. 66
L-proline is a crucial amino acid for collagen synthesis, Met is a sulfur-containing amino acid required to
providing stability to skin, bones, tendons, and connective synthesize glutathione and Cys. Sulfur is needed to sustain
tissues. As humans age, collagen levels decline, leading the skin’s elasticity and strength. Met serves as a pre-cursor
to changes in skin texture. L-proline supports collagen to glutathione, an effective antioxidant that shields the
synthesis, aiding skin repair and maintaining its structural skin from UV ray damage and oxidative stress, which can
integrity. It plays a key role in the four stages of wound cause pre-mature aging. Moreover, it serves as an essential
healing – hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and amino acid in collagen and elastin synthesis, preserving
maturation – facilitating the growth of new, healthy tissue the firmness and elasticity of skin, while promoting skin
in damaged areas. I addition, L-proline contributes to anti- restoration and wound healing. In addition, Met can improve
aging by promoting collagen production to help delay the skin’s natural barrier against environmental stressors
or repair age-related skin changes. It also supports the while helping to keep the skin clear through detoxification.
healing of burns, cuts, and wounds by boosting collagen Furthermore, in the context of Cys in keratins, it can be
synthesis. 55-57 obtained endogenously from oral consumption of Met.
Cys is crucial in producing the disulfide bridges found in
L-isoleucine is an amino acid used in the treatment
of atopic eczema. It stimulates epithelial cells to produce integumentary skin structures. These sulfur-containing
amino acids and other sulfated molecules provide
antimicrobial peptides, strengthening the skin’s innate sulfur, which is needed for several purposes. The body
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immune response. L-isoleucine, used topically, has requires an adequate intake of Met and Cys to produce
been demonstrated to enhance skin barrier function, glycosaminoglycans and skin structural polysaccharides.
lower inflammation, and reduce eczema symptoms, Besides that, Met can serve as an antioxidant complex to
including itching and redness. Research has shown that treat inflammatory cutaneous lesions and acne by acting as
L-isoleucine-containing creams, used in combination with a zinc carrier rather than a sulfur provider. 68
ceramides and rhamnosoft, significantly improved clinical
outcomes for individuals suffering from mild-to-moderate Thr, produced from the formation of collagen and
eczema. 58,59 elastin, aids in preserving the moisture balance of the
skin, giving it a smoother, more youthful appearance.
E. coli, is a naturally occurring Gram-negative aerobic However, there is limited information regarding the
bacteria mostly found in plants and the gut flora of dietary requirement for maintaining skin or any other
mammals. It produces numerous amino acids, including tissues. Thr and serine are amino acids essential in
the aromatics, L-Phe, L-Tyr, L-methionine (Met), maintaining the moisture of the SC. Both amino acids
L-cysteine (Cys), and L-threonine (Thr). Although there is can be phosphorylated by many kinases, and this
no direct evidence linking the availability of these amino phosphorylation is crucial for proper structural function
acids and the production of skin proteins, these volatile and regulation of skin metabolism. 69
amino acids play a crucial role as melanin pre-cursors.
Melanin is the primary cutaneous photoprotective Other than the mentioned amino acids, various types
pigment preventing DNA damage and certain forms of amino acids possess functional effects on skin health, as
of skin cancer by absorbing harmful UV rays from the shown in Table 2. 70
sun. 60,61 Melanocytes, the specialized cells responsible for 3. Benefits of microorganism-derived
the creation of melanin, contain the enzymes tyrosinase
(a copper enzyme) and Phe (a tetrahydrobiopterin- metabolites on the skin
dependent enzyme). After activation, Phe hydroxylase The skin is home to 1,000 species of commensal bacteria,
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in human melanocytes converts Phe into Tyr. Phe viruses, fungi, and other microorganisms. It has been
hydroxylase can be activated by ROS and the oxidant shown that metabolites, such as glycerol and fatty acids
condition produced following UV exposure. Tyrosinase produced by naturally occurring skin microorganisms,
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then further oxidizes Tyr to produce melanin. benefit skin health. As a result, probiotic cosmetics
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Melanosomes, the subcellular organelle of melanocytes, and skin-domesticating microorganisms and their
transport the melanin to keratinocytes. Freckles and metabolites are common constituents in skincare
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moles are areas of the skin with a higher concentration products. Currently, traditional Japanese fermented
of these melanocytes and melanin. The amount of Phe ingredients are employed as fermented cosmetics

Volume 2 Issue 1 (2025) 27 doi: 10.36922/imo.5020