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3D cell culture. It allows for precise control over cells in a suitable donor for liver transplantation. Furthermore,
specific microenvironments and holds promise for creating one study developed optimized bioprinting materials and
ideal organoid development models and large tissue incorporated primary stem cells to create artificial livers.
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structures. In organoid development, 3D printing serves After in vitro cultivation, the artificial liver exhibited
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as a powerful tool, providing an optimal microenvironment specific liver functions. Notable, when transplanted into
for organoid production and facilitating high-throughput mice with 90% liver resection, the artificial liver successfully
cultivation. Furthermore, adjusting parameters such as connected with the host, aiding liver function recovery
bioink composition and printing structure can further and reducing liver damage. In addition, 3D bioprinting
promote the development of organoids. In this section, we technology has the potential to overcome the limitations of
summarize the close relationship between 3D bioprinting conventional organoid culture methods. One study utilized
and organoids, focusing on the generation of various microarray 3D bioprinting to generate a large number of
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organoid types and emphasizing the role of 3D bioprinting small liver organoids on column plates. The organoids
in organoid development. produced by this method not only exhibited superior liver
function but also demonstrated significant advantages for
3.1. Organoids derived from internal tissues/organs large-scale production.
3.1.1. Intestinal organoids 3.1.3. Kidney organoids
The intestine is a structurally complex tissue in the The combination of 3D bioprinting has a positive impact
human body, responsible for functions such as digestion, on the development of kidney organoids. 3D bioprinting
absorption, and excretion. 31,32 The development of intestinal allows for the rapid and high-throughput production
organoids provides a reliable platform for understanding of kidney organoids with normal cell viability. These
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intestinal development and disease mechanisms. Intestinal organoids are expected to serve as a model for drug testing.
tissue has a typical crypt-villus structure. Intestinal stem This study demonstrates that 3D bioprinting can control
cells reside in crypts and support the self-renewal of the the quality of organoids, including their size and cell
intestinal epithelium. This crypt-villus structure not only count, thus providing a strategy for manufacturing kidney
protects the intestinal epithelium but also serves as the tissue slices with functional proximal tubular segments. In
primary site for nutrient absorption. By regulating the addition, Lin et al. designed a 3D proximal renal tubular
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structural parameters and cell density in 3D bioprinting, model, which exhibits albumin and glucose reabsorption
a large intestine with structural characteristics can be through tubular-vascular exchange. Furthermore, this
developed. For example, Brassard et al. used organoid model can be used to investigate the crosstalk between
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stem cells as a component of bioink. These cells function renal tubular epithelium and vascular endothelium under
as building blocks, aggregating and arranging in space high blood glucose conditions. This study utilized 3D
to form specific cellular structures (Figure 2). The bioprinting to develop a vascularized renal tubular model,
generated tissue exhibited centimetre-scale dimensions providing a platform for studying kidney function and
and featured a lumen, epithelial cells, and crypt-villus pathology.
structure, resembling that of the intestine. This study
combined 3D biomanufacturing with organoids, enabling 3.1.4. Cardiac organoids
the development of organoids in various dimensions and A major challenge in the large-scale development of cardiac
providing strategies for developing engineered organoids. organoids is promoting the transport of internal nutrients
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and oxygen to maintain cell vitality. A more effective
3.1.2. Liver organoids
strategy is to develop an internal vascular network. Fang
Recently, an increasing number of studies have utilized et al. encapsulated human induced pluripotent stem cells
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liver organoids to explore liver diseases and address liver in biphasic bioink and printed them to form a cardiac
regeneration challenges. The further development of liver organoid. In this process, sacrificial ink was printed into
organoids has capitalized on this trend. 34-36 Notably, the the uncrosslinked structure to generate a natural tubular
integration of 3D bioprinting has further optimized the vascular network, which was later removed after in situ
development of liver organoids. Yang et al. developed a 3D crosslinking. Through 3D bioprinting, perfusable vascular
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bioprinted liver organoid using HepaRG cells and bioink, structures can be formed in cardiac organoids, promoting
following a predetermined printing program. After a period their development. Moreover, 3D bioprinting provides an
of in vitro differentiation, the 3D bioprinted liver organoid excellent technology for the development of engineered
exhibited certain liver functions, including albumin heart tissue from cardiac organoids. A study designed an
secretion, drug metabolism, and glycogen storage. After endothelialized microfiber scaffold using 3D bioprinting,
in vivo transplantation, the 3D bioprinted liver organoid where the structure and size of the microfibers were
demonstrated ideal liver function, potentially providing precisely controlled to guide the formation of myocardial

Volume 1 Issue 1 (2025) 3 doi: 10.36922/OR025040004