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A

B C

D

E

F G

Figure 3. Development of bone organoids by three-dimensional bioprinting. (A) In vitro osteogenic ability of optimized bioink. (B) In vitro self-
mineralization of bioprinted bone organoids. (C) Total mineral volume and mineral density of organoids. (D) Macroscopic images of bone organoids
cultured for 20 days and 40 days in vitro. (E) Enhanced osteogenic ability of bioprinted bone organoids in vivo. (F) Immunohistochemical staining after
40 days of in vivo culture. Scale bar, 1mm and 50 μm, respectively. (G) CT reconstruction of repaired rat skull defects after bone organoid implantation.
Reprinted from Wang et al. Copyright 2024, with permission from Wiley-VCH GmbH.
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Abbreviations: Alg: Alginate; AlgMA: Alginate methacryloyl; CT: Computed tomography; GelMA: Photocrosslinked gelatin methacryloyl;
HAP: Hydroxyapatite; HE: Hematoxylin and eosin; OCN: Osteocalcin; OPN: Osteopontin; Runx2: Runt-related transcription factor 2.

Volume 1 Issue 1 (2025) 6 doi: 10.36922/OR025040004