Page 107 - OR-1-3

Table 1. (Continued)
References Device application/research Device material/ Hydrodynamic Main cell type/ Key benefits and
objectives fabrication means mechanism microenvironment enhancements offered by
material the device
Ma et al. 70 Immunocompetent PDMS/ Reservoir h-BMSC; h-UVEC; Co-culture in a perfused
leukemia-on-a-chip platform soft-lithography hFOB1.19; 3D hydrogel matrix
modeling h-BMNC; human
Modeling CAR-T therapy B-ALL cells; Provides an
outcomes through an anti-CD19 CAR-T immunologically active
immunocompetent chip cells derived from and pathologically
platform that recapitulates healthy donors accurate leukemia
human leukemia (HD)/patients (PD)/ microenvironment
pathophysiological niches fibrin hydrogel compared to conventional
for personalized response non-immunocompetent
prediction models, improving the
prediction of CAR-T
therapy outcomes across
remission/resistance/
relapse scenarios
with cellular-level
spatiotemporal tracking
Ji et al. 71 Tri-niche metastatic PDMS/ Pipette-induced A549; h-UVEC; Co-culture in a perfused
bone-on-a-chip platform soft-lithography flow THP-1; HS-5; 3D hydrogel matrix
modeling m-BMSC; RAW
Investigating bone metastasis 264.7/gelatin Provides a primary
dynamics through a methacrylate cancer-influenced
3D-printed chip platform hydrogel tri-niche metastatic
that mimics premetastatic microenvironment
niche formation for compared to conventional
dormancy-reactivation single-niche models,
mechanism discovery improving the
elucidation of tumor
dormancy-reactivation
mechanisms through
real-time invadopodia
dynamics capture
Abbreviations: B-ALL: B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia; BMNC: Bone marrow mononuclear cell; BMME: Bone marrow microenvironment;
BMSC: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell; CAR-T: Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell; CD19: Cluster of differentiation 19; FOB: Fetal osteoblast;
EC: Endothelial cell; HSPC: Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell; HSC: Hematopoietic stem cell; PDMS: Polydimethylsiloxane; UVEC: Umbilical
vein endothelial cell.

significance for constructing a dynamic model to study neurons, human umbilical vein endothelial cells, BMSCs,
the spatio-temporal interaction between dormant tumor or adipose-derived stem cells) to replicate the physiological
67
cells and the perivascular niche. For example, Glaser et al. process of neurovascular interaction in vitro (Figure 4D).
used microfluidics and stem cell technology to simulate a This lays an initial platform for the development of
dynamic, perfusable vascular network in vitro, replicating vascularized and innervated organ-on-a-chip models and
in vivo bone marrow functions and achieving dynamic further mechanistic research, and provides the possibility
interactions between the perivascular and endosteal niches for realistically simulating the BMME and tumor dormancy
(Figure 4C). This provides a model basis for revealing the and related mechanism research in vitro.
mechanisms behind the BMME and tumor dormancy,
and addresses the serious limitation of the lack of a model 3.2. The construction of the BMME with the BMOC
capable of dissecting dynamic events at the niche level. technique
Second, nerves and blood vessels are interdependent The human BMME comprises intricate cellular networks,
during tissue formation and development. Understanding ECM, fluid dynamics, and signaling cues, all of which
this interaction is crucial for constructing an in vitro collectively regulate processes such as tumor dormancy.
BMME model. For example, Isosaari et al. created a novel Traditional models (e.g., 2D cultures and animal systems)
69
3D neurovascular chip network model using human cells fail to fully recapitulate this complexity due to limited
(including human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived spatial organization, static conditions, and species-specific

Volume 1 Issue 3 (2025) 10 doi: 10.36922/OR025200017