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Tumor Discovery Energy metabolism in bladder cancer

A B C

D E F

G H I

J K L

M N O

Figure 5. Immunohistochemical results of urinary bladder in low-grade pTa (A, D, G, J, and M), high-grade pTa (B, E, H, K, and N), and high-grade pT1
(C, F, I, L, and O) groups. Cytoplasmic immunoreactivity was observed for GLUT1 (A-C), PFK (D-F), GAPDH (G-I), LDH-A (J-L), and hsp60 (M-O)
protein levels in urothelial cells.
Abbreviations and symbols: Ur: Urothelium; V: Blood vessel; white arrow, conjunctive-vascular axis; black arrow, basal membrane integrity; star, cell
atypia; triangle, cellular cords; GLUT1: Glucose transporter-1; PFK: Phosphofructokinase; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; LDH-A:
Lactate dehydrogenase A; hsp60: Heat shock protein 60.

immunotherapy, which is administered 4 to 6 weeks after However, using attenuated living organisms, such
TURBT application to allow resected area re-epithelialization as BCG, can lead to side effects and pose challenges to
and to minimize the risk of bacterial dissemination within predicting patient responses. Side effects occur in more
the body. Nowadays, BCG immunotherapy stands out as than 90% of patients undergoing BCG treatment. They
6
the preferred treatment to be applied to high-grade NMIBC range from mild to moderate irritative urinary tract
cases, given its higher effectiveness in comparison to symptoms to severe complications, such as hemodynamic
intravesical chemotherapy, mainly when it comes to tumor instability, persistent fever or allergic reactions that can
relapse and progression rates. 6,25 compromise BCG usage. 25-27 Given these considerations, a

Volume 3 Issue 1 (2024) 9 https://doi.org/10.36922/td.2290