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Artificial Intelligence in Health Combating XDR-bacteria as we approach 2050

bedaquiline, ethambutol, pyrazinamide, and isoniazid are new cyclic peptide antibiotics in vitro by utilizing such
also prescribed. Therefore, it is crucial to develop more enzymes, which are then assayed for their effects on the
drugs that are resistant to all reported MDR enzymes, XDR and TDR clinically isolated bacterial populations.
30
such as AMP, CAT, STR, BLA, AAC, APH, AAD, MCR, However, this task is challenging and requires increased
SUL, and DHFR. The development of more specific TB funding. Unfortunately, these new drugs are likely to be
15
drugs is essential due to the health risks associated with costly, making them inaccessible to people in India as well
the current regimen, which entails orally ingesting 12 as in African and Latin American countries due to their
tablets. AI plays an important role in this endeavor. The financial limitations. 31-33
mycolic acid complex in the outermost peptidoglycan In Figures 22 and 23, we present the structures of
layer of M. tuberculosis is unique to TB bacilli. Their salivaricin B and different nisin lantibiotics. Numerous
3D structure formulation is underway using computer publications in PubMed highlight the potential use
graphics to design a more specific type of bedaquiline of AI technology and computer software, along with
derivative, enough to kill TB bacilli within 3 – 7 days 3D simulation, to develop newer lantibiotics against
instead of months. 28,29 AI also aids in predicting easy MDR bacteria. 34-45 In Figure 24, we demonstrate the
absorption, blood transport, membrane transport, and multi-alignment of different lantipeptides that were
target interaction with specificity, whereas 60 thousand heterogeneous and strongly diverse, derived from
cellular proteins would be unaffected. The TB situation in different bacterial origins. However, some similarities
India has deteriorated to the point where it has more cases were observed in the salivaricins and nisins (Figure 23).
than any other 250 countries, with 27 million infections in In Figure 25, we identified a striking similarity between a
2022, despite the successful implementation of the directly mutacin and an unidentified protein located in the small
observed therapy short course (DOTS) program. Modern plasmid pUA140 of Streptococcus mutans, a notorious
7
technologies such as NMR and FTIR, coupled with AI carcinogen of the oral cavity and teeth. Figures 26 and 27
and computer simulation, aid in identifying the correct demonstrate the similarity of peptide condensing and
structure of new drugs, advancing TB treatment efforts. peptide cyclase enzymes between Streptococcus salivarious
Using AI technology, many peptide condensation and Lactobacillus lactis, both resident oral cavity bacteria.
and modification enzymes were cloned into plasmids, The similarity was almost 50%, and the sequences of those
overexpressed, and purified. Scientists are developing enzymes were well-conserved. Thus, genetic manipulation

Figure 24. Phylogenetic analysis of different lantibiotics, such as salivaricins, mutacins, and bacteriocins, with broad range activities against multidrug-
resistant bacteria

Volume 1 Issue 2 (2024) 89 doi: 10.36922/aih.2284