Page 31 - IJB-10-4

International Journal of Bioprinting PAI for 3D bioprinted constructs

and functional intentions of the 3D constructs have been Medicine (No. 21A0104L1), and BK21 FOUR projects
successfully implemented. (Pohang University of Science and Technology) funded
A few practical limitations are noteworthy before by the Korean government (the Ministry of Science and
implementing PAI in 3D bioprinting. First, the imaging ICT; the Ministry of Education; the Ministry of Trade,
depth may vary depending on both the wavelength of the Industry and Energy; the Ministry of Health and Welfare;
light source and the desired imaging resolution. Shorter the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety).
wavelengths result in shallower penetration depths in Conflict of interest
live tissue, and high-resolution configurations involving
tight optical beam focus and high-frequency ultrasound C. Kim has a financial interest in OPTICHO, which
transducers lead to significant attenuation effects, thus did not support this work. The authors declare no
limiting imaging depth. Technical solutions such as competing interests.
NB-PAM or TUT-PAM can extend imaging depth
68
69
while preserving high spatial resolution by improving Author contributions
the signal-to-noise ratio at equivalent laser energy. Conceptualization: All authors
Second, high-frequency acoustic signals do not transmit Writing – original draft: Donghyeon Oh, Hwanyong Choi
well through air, necessitating physical contact via wet Writing – review & editing: All authors
acoustic coupling between the object and the transducer.
While this is not an issue for observing printed constructs Ethics approval and consent to participate
stored in isotonic culture media or buffer solutions,
or those already implanted in vivo, care must be taken Not applicable.
to avoid contamination or damage to the samples.
Additionally, the usage of intact coupling systems such Consent for publication
as photoacoustic remote sensing (PARS) would promote Not applicable.
broader applications. 65,96
We recognized that the application of PAI in Availability of data
previous studies focused on relatively mesoscopic tissue Not applicable.
structures, such as scaffolds or patches, at the millimeter
scale. Considering that the field of bioprinting is evolving References
towards hierarchical and larger-scale tissue printing
to more faithfully mimic biological structures, it is 1. Ashammakhi N, Ahadian S, Xu C, et al. Bioinks and
97
believed that PAI may play a niche role uniquely suited bioprinting technologies to make heterogeneous
to this process. For instance, vascular printing is a crucial and biomimetic tissue constructs. Mater Today Bio.
consideration when printing tissues with dense cell 2019;1:100008.
populations in which it is challenging to achieve uniform doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2019.100008
growth and long-term functionality solely through 2. Jo Y, Hwang DG, Kim M, Yong U, Jang J. Bioprinting-assisted
diffusion-mediated substance exchange. 16,98 Given that tissue assembly to generate organ substitutes at scale. Trends
blood vessels are the most frequently imaged target in Biotechnol. 2023;41(1):93-105.
PAI, its specialization in imaging blood vessels in tissues doi: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.07.001
is expected to continue gaining traction in future 3D 3. Cho S, Jang J. Recent trends in biofabrication technologies
bioprinting technology. for studying skeletal muscle tissue-related diseases. Front
Bioeng Biotechnol. 2021;9:782333.
Acknowledgments doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.782333
None. 4. Kim D, Kim M, Lee J, Jang J. Review on multicomponent
hydrogel bioinks based on natural biomaterials for
Funding bioprinting 3D liver tissues. Front Bioeng Biotechnol.
2022;10:764682.
This work was supported by the National Research doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.764682
Foundation (NRF) Grants (Nos. 2021M3C1C3097624, 5. Gao G, Kim BS, Jang J, Cho D-W. Recent strategies in
2020R1A6A1A03047902, RS-2024-00335346, and extrusion-based three-dimensional cell printing toward
2023R1A2C3004880), the Korea Medical Device organ biofabrication. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2019;5(3):
Development Fund Grant (Nos. 1711195277 and RS- 1150-1169.
2020-KD000008), Korean Fund for Regenerative doi: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00691

Volume 10 Issue 4 (2024) 23 doi: 10.36922/ijb.3448