Page 434 - IJB-9-4

International Journal of Bioprinting 3D bioprinting of artificial blood vessel

A B

Figure 11. (A) A schematic of the freeform reversible embedding of suspended hydrogels (FRESH) process showing the hydrogel (green) being extruded
and cross-linked within the gelatin slurry support bath (yellow). (B) A model of a section of a human right coronary arterial tree from 3D magnetic
resonance imaging is processed at full scale into machine code for FRESH printing [196] .

that needs to be addressed. Some researchers found that Conflict of interest
the autoclave sterilization is the most destructive method,
which will significantly reduce the viscosity and mechanical There are no conflicts of interest.
properties after cross-linking. Only ethylene oxide is the Author contributions
least destructive sterilization method, especially for the
photo-cross-linking materials, such as HAMA and GelMA. Conceptualization: Ya-Chen Hou and Jing-An Li
Ethylene oxide could wipe out Escherichia coli without Funding acquisition: Jin-Ying Zhang, Jun-Nan Tang, and
causing a decrease in viability and proliferation of MSCs. Jing-An Li
More importantly, the lack of manufacturing standards for Investigation: Ya-Chen Hou, Jing-An Li, Xiaolin Cui, Zhen
bioprinting process is a great challenge to 3D bioprinting on Qin, Chang Su, and Ge Zhang
a clinically relevant scale. Meanwhile, it is difficult to obtain Project administration: Jing-An Li, Jun-Nan Tang, and Jin-
regulatory approval for bioprinted blood vessels, given the Ying Zhang
complex clinical operation environment. Supervision: Jing-An Li, Jun-Nan Tang, and Jin-Ying Zhang
In the future, the construction of artificial blood vessels Visualization: Ya-Chen Hou and Jing-An Li
should fully consider the beneficial properties of natural Writing – original draft: Ya-Chen Hou
materials, with a focus on adjustable mechanical properties Writing – review and editing: Jing-An Li and Jun-Nan Tang
and biocompatibility. As the barriers are being gradually
overcome, using minimum number of components and Ethics approval and consent to participate
simple designs in clinical applications will become possible. Not applicable.
Acknowledgment Consent for publication

None. Not applicable.
Funding Availability of data

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Not applicable.
Foundation of China (No. 82222007, 82170281 and
U2004203), the Henan Thousand Talents Program (No. References
ZYQR201912131), Excellent Youth Science Foundation 1. Jagannathan R, Patel SA, Ali MK, et al., 2019, Global updates
of Henan Province (No. 202300410362), Central Plains on cardiovascular disease mortality trends and attribution
Youth Top Talent, Advanced funds (No.2021-CCA- of traditional risk factors. Curr Diab Rep, 19: 44.
ACCESS-125), Henan Province Medical Science and
Technology Key Joint Project (SBGJ202101012), and the https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-019-1161-2
Key Scientific and Technological Research Projects in 2. Matthews S, Buttery A, O’Neil A, et al., 2022, Sex differences in
Henan Province (222102230025). mortality after first time, isolated coronary artery bypass graft

Volume 9 Issue 4 (2023) 426 https://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.740